From neural networks to smart factories: What IT and AI professions are emerging in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is updating its higher education programmes in line with new labour market requirements. Artificial intelligence, big data, robotics, digital manufacturing, cybersecurity and cloud technologies are among the key areas of focus, El.kz reports.

According to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, sectoral and regional Atlases of Emerging Professions and Competencies have been developed in Kazakhstan. Based on these Atlases, universities are reviewing their educational programmes and introducing new fields related to technologies that are already transforming industry, energy, education and other sectors.

From software developer to AI specialist

One of the key areas of educational reform is artificial intelligence. Students enrolling in these programmes will study algorithm development, machine learning, neural networks and predictive analytics.

In practical terms, specialists in this field are expected to be able to train computers to process large volumes of information and identify patterns within datasets. These technologies are used to develop intelligent services, automated systems and forecasting tools.

A separate area focuses on AI-driven engineering and personalised AI tutoring. This involves the development of digital assistants and educational platforms that use artificial intelligence to interact with users.

Another emerging specialisation is Data Engineering. Data engineers are responsible for working with large datasets, processing data and enabling its use in business processes.

For prospective students, the main difference between these areas lies in their respective specialisations. One profile is primarily focused on developing intelligent algorithms, another on data, while a third is concerned with integrating AI into specific products and processes.

How AI is entering manufacturing

Digitalisation is also transforming engineering professions. Kazakhstan is introducing educational programmes at the intersection of mechanical engineering, information technology, robotics and artificial intelligence.

One area focuses on digital mechanical engineering and intelligent manufacturing systems. Students will acquire skills in technologies that enable the design of modern production facilities and the management of technological processes using digital tools.

Another area is robotics and industrial automation. Specialists in this field need to understand both engineering processes and the principles of programming industrial robots. Such training is required by enterprises where certain operations are being transferred to automated systems.

Another emerging profile is reverse engineering. A specialist creates a digital model of an existing object, which can then be used for reproduction, analysis or modification of its design.

For applicants, this provides an opportunity to pursue an engineering career with a digital specialisation. Graduates will be able to work with technologies used in equipment design, production automation and the development of new manufacturing solutions.

The energy sector will need AI specialists

Digital technologies are also transforming the energy sector. New fields combine energy engineering, artificial intelligence, digital grids and cybersecurity.

One area focuses on the design of Smart Grid systems. Such systems involve the use of digital technologies to manage electricity distribution.

A new profile is also emerging for engineers specialising in the development and implementation of AI in energy systems. Their role involves using machine learning to optimise the operation of power plants and energy networks.

Another specialisation focuses on protecting energy infrastructure against cyberattacks. Energy grid cybersecurity specialists will work with systems that are essential to the functioning of critical infrastructure.

Thus, the energy sector increasingly requires professionals who understand both dimensions of the industry: physical infrastructure and digital control systems.

IT is becoming more specialised

The traditional concept of a software developer is also changing. Educational programmes are increasingly dividing software development into specific technological specialisations.

These include Back-End and Front-End development. The former focuses on the server-side components of software and data processing, while the latter is concerned with user interfaces and interaction with digital products.

Another area focuses on cloud services architecture and data protection. Specialists in this field need to understand the organisation of cloud infrastructure and methods for protecting information.

Such specialisation enables students to select a specific area of IT while still at university. This may subsequently facilitate their transition into professional roles in software development, IT infrastructure or information security.

Generative AI skills will be needed across disciplines

Another feature of the education reform is the growing emphasis on skills for working with generative artificial intelligence. Such tools are expected to be integrated into a range of educational programmes, including fields that are not directly related to IT.

Students will need to learn how to use AI as a professional tool. It can be applied to information retrieval, preparation of materials, data analysis and the resolution of professional tasks.

At the same time, AI specialists will require substantially more advanced training. In this case, the focus is on developing algorithms and intelligent systems rather than simply using ready-made AI services.

Esports is becoming a distinct profession

Another emerging area in higher education is esports. Kazakhstan is beginning to train specialists who will be able to work not only as professional players, but also as coaches, analysts, sports managers, referees, commentators and streamers.

The programme is designed as a three-year course and leads to a higher education diploma. The practical component includes match analysis, the study of tactics and team coordination, while theoretical training covers game data analysis, psychology, management and the organisation of competitions.

This approach demonstrates how the concept of esports itself is evolving. The gaming industry requires specialists across a range of professional profiles, from athletes and coaches to analysts and tournament organisers.

The development of this field is also linked to Kazakhstan’s preparations to host the 2027 Esports World Championship.

Why are new professions emerging?

Changes in education are driven by the transformation of the labour market itself. According to government authorities, the Atlases of Emerging Professions already include both new and transforming professions. At the same time, the transition is expected to be gradual. In some cases, this may involve discontinuing new student intake, consolidating educational programmes or transitioning them to updated formats.

At the same time, requirements for academic staff are also evolving. Professional retraining and continuing professional development are planned, along with their participation in the development of micro-credentials, certificate-based courses and continuing education programmes.

What should prospective students choose?

Students interested in mathematics, algorithms and the development of intelligent systems may consider artificial intelligence and machine learning. Those who prefer working with large volumes of information may find Data Engineering more suitable.

For those seeking to combine technology with engineering, promising areas include digital mechanical engineering, robotics and reverse engineering. These fields require an interest in both technical systems and digital tools.

Those wishing to pursue careers in the energy sector can consider Smart Grid technologies, AI implementation in energy systems and cybersecurity for energy infrastructure. IT programmes offer opportunities to develop more specialised expertise in software development, cloud technologies and data protection.

The key change for future students is that the boundaries between professions are becoming increasingly technology-driven. Engineers need to master digital tools, energy specialists need to work with AI and data, and graduates of virtually any discipline will increasingly need to understand the principles behind generative AI services.

Therefore, when choosing an educational programme, applicants should look beyond the title of the degree or specialisation. It is much more important to understand which technologies and practical skills are included in the curriculum and how they correspond to the needs and requirements of the real-world labour market.